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This page describes how to install the NVIDIA proprietary display driver on Debian systems.

Commands in this article prefixed with a # indicate they must be run as root. Replace this character with sudo or switch user to root in your terminal beforehand as necessary.

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NOTE: For Apple systems, follow these steps first to prevent a black screen after installing the drivers: https://askubuntu.com/a/613573/134848

Contents

1. NVIDIA Proprietary Driver
   1. Identification
   2. Desktop Drivers
      1. Prerequisites
      2. Installation
         1. Debian 11 'Bullseye'
         2. Debian 10 'Buster'
         3. Debian 9 'Stretch'
   3. Configuration
   4. CUDA
   5. Troubleshooting

Identification

The NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) series/codename of an installed video card can usually be identified using the lspci command. For example:

See HowToIdentifyADevice/PCI for more information. The PCI ID can be used to verify device support.

Note: if this lspci command returns more than one line of output, you have an Optimus (hybrid) graphics chipset. After you install the necessary driver package, you'll still need to choose one of the methods on the NVIDIA Optimus page in order to activate and make use of your NVIDIA card.

nvidia-detect

The nvidia-detect script (found in the nvidia-detect package in the non-free section) can also be used to identify the GPU and the recommended driver package to install:

Desktop Drivers

The proprietary 'NVIDIA Accelerated Linux Graphics Driver' provides optimized hardware acceleration of OpenGL and Vulkan applications through either Xorg or Wayland. It is a binary-only driver requiring a Linux kernel module for its use.

Multiple precompiled driver versions are available for Debian 11 'Bullseye':

• Version 460.39 (supported devices)

  • Supports Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, Turing, and all current Ampere GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.2 and OpenGL 4.6.

• Version 390.141 (supported devices)

  • Supports Fermi, Kepler, Maxwell, and most Pascal GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.0 on Kepler and newer, supports up to OpenGL 4.5 depending on your card.

Multiple precompiled driver versions are available for Debian 10 'Buster':

• Version 460.39 (supported devices)

  • Supports Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, Turing, and all current Ampere GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.2 and OpenGL 4.6.
  • Note that 460.39 is currently only available in buster-backports.

• Version 418.181.07 (supported devices)

  • Supports Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, and most Turing GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.1 and OpenGL 4.6.

• Version 390.138 (supported devices)

  • Supports Fermi, Kepler, Maxwell, and most Pascal GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.0 on Kepler and newer, supports up to OpenGL 4.5 depending on your card.

• Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs) (supported devices)

  • Older legacy driver, for GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series. No Vulkan support, supports up to OpenGL 3.3 depending on your card.

Multiple precompiled driver versions are available for Debian 9 'Stretch':

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• Version 418.152 (supported devices)

  • Supports Kepler, Maxwell, Pascal, and most Turing GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.1 and OpenGL 4.6.
  • Note that 418.152 is currently only available in stretch-backports.

• Version 390.138 (supported devices)

  • Supports Fermi, Kepler, Maxwell, and most Pascal GPUs. Supports Vulkan 1.0 on Kepler and newer, supports up to OpenGL 4.5 depending on your card.

• Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs) (supported devices)

  • Older legacy driver, for GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series. No Vulkan support, supports up to OpenGL 3.3 depending on your card.

• Version 304.137 (legacy GPUs) (supported devices)

  • Even older legacy driver, for GeForce 6 series and GeForce 7 series. Only supports OpenGL 2.1.

All driver versions up to, and including, the 418-series, are only available for the x86, x86-64, and 32-bit ARMv7 architectures (Debian i386, AMD64, and ARMHF ports respectively).

The 450-series and newer has dropped support for 32-bit architectures, now only supporting x86-64 and ARMv8 (Debian AMD64 and ARM64 ports respectively).

Prerequisites

Kernel headers

Andrea sound cards & media devices drivers. Before installing the drivers, you must obtain the proper kernel headers for the NVIDIA driver to build with.

For a typical 64-bit system using the default kernel, you can simply run:

For 32-bit systems with the non-PAE kernel, you'd instead install:

Or, for 32-bit systems with the PAE kernel:

If you're using the kernel from Debian Backports, you must run the same command but with the -t flag followed by the name of your backports source. For instance, if you're using backports on a 64-bit Debian 10 system, you might run:

Kernel

In some cases, if you're aiming to install the bleeding-edge version of the NVIDIA driver from Debian Backports, you may also need to install the kernel from backports to match it. For Debian 10, you might do this with:

Exchange 'buster-backports' with your own version's backports repository as necessary.

Installation

Debian 11 'Bullseye'

Version 460.39

For support of GeForce 600 series and newer GPUs (supported devices). For older devices, see Version 390.141 (legacy GPUs).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-driver package, plus the necessary firmware:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to load the new driver.

Version 390.141

For support of GeForce 400 series and newer GPUs (supported devices).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-390xx-driver package, plus the necessary firmware:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-390xx-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to load the new driver.

Debian 10 'Buster'

Version 460.39 (via buster-backports)

For support of GeForce 600 series and newer GPUs (supported devices). For older devices, see Version 390.138 (legacy GPUs) and Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs).

1. Add buster-backports to your /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-driver package, plus the necessary firmware, from the backports repository:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-kernel-dkms package.

3. Reboot your system to load the updated driver.

Version 418.181.07

For support of GeForce 600 series and newer GPUs (supported devices). For older devices, see Version 390.138 (legacy GPUs) and Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-driver package, plus the necessary firmware:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to load the new driver.

Version 390.138 (legacy GPUs)

For support of GeForce 400 series and newer GPUs (supported devices).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-390xx-driver package, plus the necessary firmware:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-390xx-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to load the new driver.

Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs)

For support of GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series GPUs. (supported devices).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver package:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-340xx-kernel-dkms package.

   After, create an Xorg server configuration file and then restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

Debian 9 'Stretch'

As of stretch, you don't need nvidia-xconfig anymore, and a xorg.conf file is not needed either in most situations. Also, the 340 series has been forked into its own series of packages to support older cards.

In some situations running nvidia-xconfig is still required for screen-locking and suspend/resume to work properly (922679 Xfce/lightdm/light-locker)

Version 418.152 (via stretch-backports)

For support of GeForce 700 series and newer GPUs (supported devices). For older devices, see Version 340.102 (legacy GPUs) and Version 304.137 (legacy GPUs).

1. Add stretch-backports to your /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-driver package, plus the necessary firmware, from the backports repository:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

Version 390.138

For support of GeForce 400 series and higher GPUs (supported devices). For older devices, see Version 340.105 (legacy GPUs) and Version 304.137 (legacy GPUs).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-driver package, plus the necessary firmware:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-kernel-dkms package.

3. Restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

Version 340.108 (legacy GPUs)

For support of GeForce 8 series through GeForce 300 series GPUs (supported devices).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver package:

   DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-340xx-kernel-dkms package.

   After, create an Xorg server configuration file and then restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

Version 304.137 (legacy GPUs)

For support of GeForce 6 series and GeForce 7 series GPUs (supported devices).

1. Add 'contrib' and 'non-free' components to /etc/apt/sources.list, for example:

2. Update the list of available packages, then we can install the nvidia-legacy-304xx-driver package:

• DKMS will build the nvidia module for your system, via the nvidia-legacy-304xx-kernel-dkms package.

  After, create an Xorg server configuration file and then restart your system to enable the nouveau blacklist.

Installing 32-bit libraries on a 64-bit system

In many cases, such as when running proprietary 32-bit games from Steam or in Wine, you may need 32-bit graphics libraries on your 64-bit system in order for them to function properly. This has been made much easier since Debian 9/Stretch and now requires minimal extra work.

Note that the following instructions assume that sudo is configured on your system. If it isn't, either follow the instructions on the sudo wiki page or omit the sudo and run these commands as root.

After installing the drivers, enable 32-bit multiarch and update your repository listing by running:

Afterwards, to install the 32-bit version of the NVIDIA libraries package, run:

Restarting the relevant applications may be necessary before they function correctly.

WARNING: If you're forced to use a legacy driver, you will want to instead install one of nvidia-legacy-390xx-driver-libs:i386, nvidia-legacy-340xx-driver-libs:i386, or nvidia-legacy-304xx-driver-libs:i386.

Wayland

The NVIDIA driver supports Wayland, albeit through a different API than the free-and-open-source drivers for other GPUs have chosen to support. The NVIDIA method, 'EGLStreams', is only supported by two major desktops, KDE Plasma and GNOME.

The NVIDIA driver also lacks support for accelerated XWayland applications. This means that if you run a Xorg-only application on your NVIDIA Wayland desktop (often proprietary video games), they will only be able to render on the CPU without taking advantage of GPU acceleration, leading to incredibly poor performance. NVIDIA has submitted patches to Xorg to enable acceleration under XWaylandhowever they are still under review, and thus XWayland acceleration is not available in Debian 10, and will likely be unavailable in Debian 11.

In terms of specific desktop support, GNOME supports NVIDIA Wayland sessions in both Debian 10 and Debian 11, though they call their support 'preliminary'. KDE Plasma supports NVIDIA Wayland sessions starting with Debian 11, though it requires some extra hoops to enable. Refer to the Wayland section of the Debian KDE wiki page for up-to-date information: https://wiki.debian.org/KDE#Wayland.2C_touchscreens.2C_autorotation.2C_hi-DPI

Tesla Drivers

The NVIDIA line-up of programmable 'Tesla' devices, used primarily for simulations and large-scale calculations, also require separate driver packages to function correctly compared to the consumer-grade GeForce GPUs that are instead targeted for desktop and gaming usage.

In Debian 10/Buster, the default nvidia-driver package is based on the Tesla release. This was done in order to resolve several critical security issues, but it means that there is no need to install the separate package for Tesla devices to work. If you need a newer release, the 450-series driver is available in backports via the nvidia-tesla-450-driver package.

In Debian 11/Bullseye, the major 418, 440, and 450 releases of the Tesla driver are available and distinct from the default driver. They can be found in the nvidia-tesla-418-driver, nvidia-tesla-440-driver, and nvidia-tesla-450-driver packages respectively.

The 32-bit libraries can be obtained by installing nvidia-tesla-418-driver-libs:i386, nvidia-tesla-440-driver:i386, or nvidia-tesla-450-driver:i386 based on the version of your driver. Multiarch must be enabled.

Configuration

As the NVIDIA driver is not autodetected by Xorg, a configuration file is required to be supplied. Modern Debian packages for the NVIDIA driver should not require you to do anything listed here as they handle this automatically during installation, but if you run into issues, or are using a much older version of Debian, you may try going through these steps.

Automatic

Install the nvidia-xconfig package, then run it with sudo. It will automatically generate a Xorg configuration file at /etc/X11/xorg.conf.

Manual

For example:

/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf

The configuration file above can be created using these commands:

Please note that this configuration will break Xorg on Optimus systems. For such hardware, see NVIDIA Optimus instead.

Restart your system at this point to enable the nouveau driver blacklist.

Additional configuration information is available.

CUDA

Debian 11 'Bullseye'

CUDA 11.2.0 is available from the non-free repository:

This installs nvcc and friends. The visual profiler is in a separate package named nvidia-visual-profiler.

Debian 10 'Buster'

CUDA 9.2.148 is available from the non-free repository:

And, if Backports are enabled, CUDA 11.2.0 is available similarly:

This installs nvcc and friends. The visual profiler is in a separate package named nvidia-visual-profiler.

Debian 9 'Stretch'

CUDA 8.0.44 is available from the non-free repository:

And, if Backports are enabled, CUDA 9.1.85 is available similarly:

This installs nvcc and friends. The visual profiler is in a separate package named nvidia-visual-profiler.

CUDA 8 only supports gcc 5.3.1, which is not available for Stretch. To compile you need to add -ccbin clang-3.8 to the nvcc command line.

The Debian CUDA packages unfortunately do not include the Toolkit samples. To install these yourself you need to download the 'Ubuntu 16.04' .run install file for CUDA 8 from https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads. Execute the .run file and (after accepting the license and agreeing to run on a non-supported system) skip the driver and toolkit installation and just select 'Samples'. Note before this step you must

To compile the samples, you first need to set

Troubleshooting

Build failures

The NVIDIA driver can fail to build for several potential reasons.

1. You've installed a kernel from backports without installing the NVIDIA driver from backports. This can, in some cases, mean that the kernel is too new for the driver version you're attempting to use. Check this by viewing the package description for the NVIDIA driver where it will mention something along the lines of, 'Building the kernel module has been tested up to Linux X.X' to figure out what's supported.

2. Particularly if you're on Debian Testing or Debian Unstable, the driver might not support your kernel yet. Often, new versions of the Linux kernel will explicitly require an update to the driver in order to be supported, so if the kernel package updates before the driver has a chance to be patched for it, you won't be able to use the NVIDIA driver. Solutions for this, from most to least recommended, are temporarily using an older kernel until the driver is updated, installing a newer version of the driver from Debian Experimental if one is available that supports your kernel version, or finding a patch for the build failure online that can be added to DKMS. The last two options are for advanced users and may break your system or, in the case of adding a third-party patch, introduce security issues, forcing you to potentially reinstall completely or spend hours recovering your system. Caveat emptor.

3. Legacy versions of the NVIDIA driver may not always support the latest kernel. For instance, the 304xx series driver, though available in the Debian Unstable repository, does not support Linux 5.0 or newer. As necessary, you might consider using an older Debian version, or using Nouveau instead. Nouveau has decent performance with GPUs that are old enough to no longer be supported by the proprietary driver.

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Driver stops working after upgrading Debian

When going between two major Debian releases (e.g., upgrading from Debian 9/Stretch to Debian 10/Buster), it's possible that the driver will stop functioning despite the build succeeding and no other issues being easily visible. This is most often caused by the nvidia-driver package updating to a newer major release that no longer supports your hardware, as NVIDIA regularly drops support for older hardware generations. You will need to uninstall all your existing NVIDIA packages (refer to the section below for instructions on how to do so), and instead install the most recent legacy driver that still supports your GPU.

GPU isn't functional, even with a compatible driver version installed

If you have an extremely modern NVIDIA GPU that was manufactured after the release of your Debian version, it may not work even after installing the newest backported driver that claims to support your card. If so, you likely need to upgrade the non-free firmware package on your system as well by installing the firmware-misc-nonfree package from backports. For instance, on a Debian 10 system with backports enabled:

After rebooting, the driver should be able to load the appropriate firmware.

Miscellaneous

• The NVIDIA driver conflicts with the nouveau DRM driver (580894). The nouveau kernel module is blacklisted by the glx-alternative-nvidia or nvidia-kernel-common packages.

  • Restart your system after configuring Xorg for the NVIDIA driver.

  • From xserver-xorg-video-nouveau's README.Debian:

• If you can't change the screen brightness, open your Xorg configuration file (/etc/X11/xorg.conf or /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf depending on which method you used) and add

  to the Device section. In some case (eg. GeForce GT 650M Mac Edition) it may cause screen flickering during boot time (just after grub screen), and system will not boot. In this case you should use instead add the following:

  to the file: /etc/rc.local

• You can check whether or not the kernel module for the NVIDIA driver has been loaded, in addition to what version is currently loaded, by running /sbin/modinfo -F version nvidia-current

• Additional troubleshooting information is available.

Uninstallation

If you run into issues with the drivers, switch to a different card, or simply want to use the open-source Nouveau drivers instead, uninstallation is made easy with recent versions of the drivers.

Also note that if issues with the driver prevent you from accessing a desktop, you can access a full-screen TTY with Ctrl-Alt-F3 (or almost any of the 'F' keys).

You can remove all packages on your system with nvidia in the name by running:

And then reboot the system with:

This should leave you with a functioning system in almost all cases. If it seems to still be having issues, you may also try running:

Or:

See Also

• /Configuration

• /Troubleshooting

• NVIDIA Optimus

• Xorg

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